Alaska’s changing fire regime — implications for the vulnerability of its boreal forests1
نویسندگان
چکیده
A synthesis was carried out to examine Alaska’s boreal forest fire regime. During the 2000s, an average of 767 000 ha!year–1 burned, 50% higher than in any previous decade since the 1940s. Over the past 60 years, there was a decrease in the number of lightning-ignited fires, an increase in extreme lightning-ignited fire events, an increase in humanignited fires, and a decrease in the number of extreme human-ignited fire events. The fraction of area burned from humanignited fires fell from 26% for the 1950s and 1960s to 5% for the 1990s and 2000s, a result from the change in fire policy that gave the highest suppression priorities to fire events that occurred near human settlements. The amount of area burned during late-season fires increased over the past two decades. Deeper burning of surface organic layers in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests occurred during late-growing-season fires and on more well-drained sites. These trends all point to black spruce forests becoming increasingly vulnerable to the combined changes of key characteristics of Alaska’s fire regime, except on poorly drained sites, which are resistant to deep burning. The implications of these fire regime changes to the vulnerability and resilience of Alaska’s boreal forests and land and fire management are discussed. Résumé : Une synthèse a été effectuée pour étudier le régime des feux de la forêt boréale en Alaska. Durant les années 2000, le feu a détruit en moyenne 767 000 ha!an–1, soit une superficie 50 % plus grande qu’au cours de n’importe quelle décennie précédente depuis les années 1940. Au cours des 60 dernières années, le nombre de feux de foudre a diminué, les feux de foudre majeurs ont augmenté, les feux d’origine humaine ont augmenté et le nombre de feux majeurs d’origine humaine a diminué. La proportion de la superficie brûlée par des feux d’origine humaine a chuté de 26 % au cours des années 1950 et 1960 à 5 % au cours des années 1990 et 2000 à cause d’un changement de politique de gestion du feu qui accordait la plus haute priorité à la suppression des feux qui surviennent près des établissements humains. La superficie brûlée par les feux de fin de saison a augmenté au cours des deux dernières décennies. Les horizons organiques de surface ont été brûlés plus en profondeur dans les forêts d’épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) par les feux de fin de saison et sur les stations les mieux drainées. Toutes ces tendances contribuent à rendre les forêts d’épinette noire plus vulnérables aux changements combinés des caractéristiques clés du régime des feux en Alaska, à l’exception des stations mal drainées qui sont résistantes aux feux de profondeur. La discussion porte sur les conséquences de ces changements des caractéristiques du régime des feux sur la vulnérabilité et la résilience des forêts boréales de l’Alaska et sur la gestion des feux de fo-
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